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Why Academic Language
Academic language has now become the latest “craze” in our ELL world. However, the concept was first introduced in 1979, by Dr. James Cummins as CALP: Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency. So, why do we continue to believe that ELLs need to master conversational English (BICS) before they are exposed to academic language? We believe this only because there are still insufficient real classroom practices to help teachers interpret the theory. In addition, we continue to designate instructional time to oral language development. And, we wonder why ELLs are not progressing adequately and moving along the continuum on the language proficiency assessment, which assesses all 4 linguistic elements: listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
For example, ELLs tend to stay at the intermediate level far too long because reading and writing are last to be taught, especially in newcomer centers that have been popular this past decade. The fact is that expressive language resides in reading and writing. If we can encourage our teachers to introduce ELLs to reading and writing, the oral/expressive language will surface through read alouds, reading and writing in cooperative learning structures, academic vocabulary through peer activities, etc. The more time a teacher spends on reading and writing, the more opportunities will be presented to develop oral language within an academic and purposeful setting.
I have also mentioned numerous times to simplify the language, not the content. This statement may seem to contradict the concept of academic language. Allow me to clarify: ELLs need to be taught language systems and strategies so they can access the concepts/content. Simplifying the language by providing systems and organizers such as KIM, Frayer Model, prediction charts, OKS, etc. are all outlined in the A+RISE strategy cards. The student-friendly language or simplified language becomes comprehensible and content is never compromised.
I recently came across a practice guide from the Dept. of Education—Institute of Education Sciences. The guide offers educators the best available evidence and expertise to help decision-makers determine best practices on a particular issue. In this case the focus area was literacy practices for ELLs in the elementary grades. One of the five recommendations offered was the importance of explicitly teaching academic English. The guide suggested that time needs to be devoted daily to academic English and it needs to be integrated into the core curriculum. However, there is not enough research and practical strategies to help teachers convert the concept of academic language into action. As an A+RISE community, we need your input so we can begin to compile a list of your interpretations and recommendations of best practices that reflect academic language. We want to hear from you!
donitagrissom | Tue Oct 23, 2007 at 09.35 am
I would like to just add a note to Michelle Culpepper’s comments, which I highly agree with. Once students are successful in completing an organizer, have practiced with a peer, and have perhaps written a paragraph from their organizer, I believe the student should then be directed to the text from which the graphic organizer was produced. The student has been enpowered from the scaffolding provided through the modeling, organizer, group work and writing experience and of course I’m sure vocabulary instruction and practice has already taken place as well. Now, take it back to the text. Discuss the writing structures the author has used and let the students see that they have now been empowered to read something they previously could not read!
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A couple of teachers were discussing today how successful some students are at filling out graphic organizers for writing. However, when reading a student’s final copy, the writing was off topic and did not match any of the work on the graphic organizer. We need to be very explicit in our teaching to make sure our students understand how these graphic organizers guide the writing.
There are many wonderful organizers on the A+Rise cards. By using a variety of organizers, modeling the process many times, and then allowing our students to select an organizer may be rewarding. We just need to be aware that modeling the writing process many times is important. Then by pairing an Ell student with a peer, who uses an organizer correctly to guide their writing, would be beneficial too.